Fungal activity

A large body of research has focussed on the antifungal and anti-oomycete properties of CLPs. Orfamide A, nunapeptin-(SP) or sessilin-(T) had little or no detectable effect on the growth or morphology of hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani while for viscosinamide-(V), pseudophomin-(V), tensin-(A), pseudomycin-(SM), the tolaasins, entolysin, and nunamycin-(SM) growth inhibition was clearly observed (Harrison et al., 1991; Hansen et al., 2000; Nielsen et al., 2000; Pedras et al., 2003; Bassarello et al., 2004; Gross et al., 2007; Kruijt et al., 2009; Michelsen et al., 2015b; Ma et al., 2016a). Remarkably, co-production of orfamide A and sessilin-(T) by Pseudomonas sp. CMR12a did inhibit growth of R. solani whereas individually, they did not (Olorunleke et al., 2015a). The pseudophomins-(V), the pseudomycins-(SM), and WLIP-(V) all displayed antifungal activity against the phytopathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phoma lingam (Pedras et al., 2003; Lo Cantore et al., 2006). Syringomycin E inhibited growth of the postharvest green mold of citrus fruits (Penicillium digitatum) (Bull et al., 1998). In addition, this lipopeptide showed antagonistic activities against the human-pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Fusarium moniliforme, and F. oxysporum (De Lucca et al., 1999). Finally, WLIP-(V), putisolvin, syringotoxin-(SM), syringopeptin 22A, syringopeptin 25A, and syringomycin E and tolaasin all inhibit the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea with different potencies (Grgurina et al., 2005; Andolfi et al., 2008; Kruijt et al., 2009).